Statistical Methods in Business & Economics-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStatistical Methods in Business Economics for Fit Line. Answer: The objective is to ascertain the best estimate of correlation coefficient from the given scatter plot. A correlation coefficient has two aspects namely the sign and the magnitude. The sign of the scatter plot is evident from the slope of the best fit line. If there is a positive slope of the best fit line or it is sloping upwards, then the correlation coefficient would be positive. Otherwise, if there is a negative slope of the best fit line or it is sloping downwards, then the correlation coefficient would be negative (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2015). Further, to determine the magnitude, it is apparent to consider that the correlation coefficient represents the linear relationship between the given variables. Thus, the higher the linearity in the distribution of the points on the scatter plot, higher would be the magnitude of the correlation coefficient. Also, it is noteworthy that the magnitude of the correlation coefficient always lies between 0 and 1 (Flick, 2015). Based on the above theoretical discussion, the correlation coefficient can be estimated. The first observation is that the best fit line has a negative slope. This is apparent from the fact that as the value on the X axis tends to increase, there is a corresponding decrease in the value of Y axis. This clearly highlights the fact that there exists an inverse relationship between the two. As a result, the change in the dependent variable is opposite to the change in the independent variable (Hair et. al., 2015). Thus, it would be appropriate to conclude the sign of the correlation coefficient would be negative. Having determined the sign of the correlation coefficient, the next task is to estimate the magnitude. For this, a best fit line needs to be drawn for the given points and the deviations of the various points needs to be observed (Harmon, 2011). It is noticeable that the best fit line is one which tends to minimise the sum of square of deviations of the observations. Clearly, it is evident that most of the points on the scatterplot are adhering to the inverse relationship between the two variables. Also, the deviations from the best fit line would not be small only which is representative of the correlation between the given variables to be strong. However, since the trend is not absolutely linear, hence, the correlation coefficient magnitude would not cross 0.9 but also would not lie below 0.7 owing to the high linearity visible in the given scatter plot. Hence, in order to narrow down on a best estimate of correlation coefficient, it would be appropriate to take the average value of the proposed interval of correlation estimate. This would come out as 0.8. Hence, based on the above discussion, it is apparent that the best estimate of the correlation coefficient based on the given scatter plot can be taken as -0.8. It is no teworthy that in the absence of the exact scale, the above value is a best estimate and the actual value may deviate but only slightly (Hastie, Tibshirani Friedman, 2011). Time series data are quite common in various fields particularly macroeconomics where economists and other researchers often need to analyse the historical data in order to decipher trends or to make sense of the present data on the various indicators. The index numbers tend to capture the fluctuations in price or quantity keeping a particular time or year as the base or reference point. Hence, using the index numbers, it is possible to measure the change both on an yearly basis and also from the reference or base year. The use of index numbers tends to make computations convenient and more importantly easy to understand which makes various patterns evident (Koch, 2013). One of the key usages of the concept of index numbers is to measure various economic indicators particularly inflation. The base year is usually given an index value of 100 and the index values are computed for subsequent time periods so as to comment on the inflation witnessed during the given period. This method is quite convenient as the there is a fixed basket of goods and services using the price of which the index value at various time intervals can be computed. Then the percentage change can be measured either from the beginning or from the period observations period. Using this, the economists can thus comment on the overall inflation trend and policy making can be done keeping the inflation trend in mind (Lehman n Romano, 2006). In the absence of the index numbers, it would be quite complicated to compute the inflation. This can be highlighted using the following example. Let us assume that CPI index for a given country X was fixed at 100 in 2012. The corresponding value of the CPI index for 2013 came out as 103.8. This implies that the annual inflation level would be 3.8% p.a. Annual inflation for 2013 = [(103.8-100)/100]*100 = 3.8% Let us go forward and assume that the CPI index for the next year i.e. 2014 comes out as 105.8 Then, annual inflation for 2014 = [(105.8-103.8)/103.8]*100 = 1.92% Similarly the inflation for the various time periods can be easily computed and the trend analysed. It is noteworthy that there are various methods of computing index numbers. One of these is the weighted average methods whereby weights are given to various articles for the computation of the index number. While this method makes sense but it has certain shortcomings. One of these is that due to changing basket of goods, the index numbers may not be comparable. Also, the determination of appropriate weights for the different items can be an issue. To avoid this, the equal weights or unweighted method may be used to construct the index (Lieberman et. al., 2013). However, for measuring economic indicators like inflation it would be unwise to place equal emphasis on all articles and hence weighted index method would be preferred. Despite various advantages of index numbers, one shortcoming is that with the changing preferences, the composition would need to be altered or accuracy would be adversely impacted (Koch, 2012). One of the key roles of statistical analysis is to conduct testing on the sample data so as to yield useful information about the population. Depending upon the number of samples, sample size and underlying distribution, different statistical tests may be applied. These are discussed below (Medhi, 2001). One sample mean test This test is used to infer whether the population mean is different (two tail), greater or lower (one tail) than a given value. The test statistic may be t or z based on the underlying sample size and also whether the population standard deviation is known or not. Further, the test is conducted based on two approaches namely the p value approach and also the critical value approach. Two sample mean test The rest is used to test whether the mean of the two samples. This could be done using either t or z test statistic. The test could be single tailed or two tailed depending upon the alternative hypothesis sign. Further, the test is conducted based on two approaches namely the p value approach and also the critical value approach. The two samples may be dependent or independent based on which the underlying approach would be altered. ANOVA test In order to compare the means of more than two samples, the ANOVA test is used. Here, the T statistic and the Z statistic cannot be used. Instead, ANOVA test leads to significance F value and the hypothesis testing is performed by comparing the significance F with the significance level. One of the assumptions for the ANOVA test is that the variances of the samples are the same. Chi Square Test At times, it needs to be tested whether the relationship between the given set of variables is significant or not. For this, the chi square statistic needs to be computed. Further, the hypothesis testing can be performed using either p value approach or critical value approach. The formula for chi square test statistic computation is based on the difference between observed and expected values. F test for variances In order to test whether the variances of two populations are different or not, the F test may be conducted on the given two samples. Further the p value approach or critical value approach may be used to decide whether the null hypothesis would be rejected or not. Some examples of the above tests are as follows. A fictitious output of the two sample mean testing using t statistic is indicated below. Assuming a single tail test, the p value would be 0.00 and since the p value is lesser than level of significance (assumed 1%), hence the null hypothesis would be rejected. For a two tail test also, the p value is lesser than level of significance (assumed 1%), hence the null hypothesis would be rejected. The above conclusion can also be reached using the critical value approach (Lind, Marchal Wathen, 2012). References Eriksson, P. Kovalainen, A. (2015).Quantitative methods in business research (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project (4th ed.). New York: Sage Publications. Hair, J. F., Wolfinbarger, M., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., Page, M. J. (2015).Essentials of business research methods (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. Harmon, M. (2011). Hypothesis Testing in Excel - The Excel Statistical Master (7th ed.). Florida: Mark Harmon. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. Friedman, J. (2011).The Elements of Statistical Learning (4th ed.).New York: Springer Publications. Hillier, F. (2006). Introduction to Operations Research. (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Publications. Koch, K.R. (2013). Parameter Estimation and Hypothesis Testing in Linear Models (2nd ed.). London: Springer Science Business Media. Lehman, L. E. Romano, P. J. (2006). Testing Statistical Hypotheses (3rd ed.). Berlin : Springer Science Business Media. Lieberman, F. J., Nag, B., Hiller, F.S. Basu, P. (2013). Introduction To Operations Research (5th ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishers. Lind, A.D., Marchal, G.W. Wathen, A.S. (2012). Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics (15th ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Medhi, J. (2001). Statistical Methods: An Introductory Text (4th ed.). Sydney: New Age International.

Dk Basu V State of Westbengal free essay sample

When the researcher was faced with the task of selecting a specific aspect of the rights of the accused, she chose to concentrate on the rights of the arrested person. Thus, this paper shall focus on this legalsutra. org/1047/the-rights-of -the-accused-a-study -on-the-rights-of -the-arrested-person/print/ 2/16 used- A Study on the Rights of the Arrested Person | Legalsutra | Law Students †¦ 10/29/12 specific aspect. The definition of arrest is â€Å"a restraint of a man’s person, obliging him to be obedient to the law†. [2] Arrest means the total restraint and complete deprivation of liberty of a person by legal authority or at east, by apparent legal authority. [3] It has also been defined as â€Å"to restrain or detain a person by lawful authority†. [4] When one thinks of arrest, the picture that most often springs to one’s mind, fostered by television and films of American origin, is that of a police officer reading out the Miranda rules to the arr ested, informing him of his rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Dk Basu V State of Westbengal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Again, based on what one has seen in innumerable movie scenes, again, primarily of American origin, one knows by now that the arrested person has the right to remain silent, that he has the right to a lawyer and so on. Of course, the question that is relevant to us is whether these rights apply in India and more importantly, whether rights of an accused in themselves are a reality or whether they are, in fact, restricted merely to imagination. It has been observed by the Supreme Court that the law of arrest is one of balancing the rights, liberties and privileges of the individual on one hand, and his duties, obligations and responsibilities on the other. [5] Arrest is also about balancing the rights of the individual with that of society’s rights since a person is normally arrested for a crime that is usually defined as a wrong against society. The eternal question has always been the following: how much is too much? Are the police given the absolute authority to do as they like with the arrested person to ensure that justice is ultimately done or is it in order to render justice while ensuring that rights of the arrested are fully protected? In recent times, much attention has been focussed on the way the police treat arrested persons. In several instances, the necessity of arrest itself has been questioned. In this regard, the Third report of the National Police Commission has specified that arrest can be considered justified in the following cases: 1. The case involves a grave offence like murder, dacoity, robbery, rape, etc. , and it is necessary to arrest the accused and bring his movements under restraint to infuse confidence among the terror stricken victims 2. The accused is likely to abscond and evade the process of law 3. The accused is given to violent behaviour and is likely to commit further offences unless his movements are brought under restraint 4. The accused is a habitual offender and unless kept in custody, he is likely to commit similar offences again. [6] Following such recommendations, there have also been several cases that have discussed in detail the rights of the arrested person and what the police can and cannot do. The most important of them all is D. K. Basu v. State of West Bengal[7], often considered as the encyclopaedia on the law of arrest. This case has laid down several important dos and don’ts of arrest. For e. g. the person who has been arrested or detained and is being held in custody in a police station or interrogation centre or other lock-up shall be entitled to have one friend or relative or other person known to him or having interest in his welfare being informed, as soon as practicable, that he has been arrested and is being detained at the particular place. The person arrested must also be made aware of this right to have someone informed of his arrest or detention as soon as he is put under arrest or is detained. Thus, this judgement has tried to ensure the very least of rights to the arrested. However, before, this paper can go into the recommendations of various committees on the subject matter, it is important to examine the law of the land that ensure rights to the arrested person. In order to do this, this paper must go into the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure[8] of India and determine which provisions ensure rights to the accused on arrest. This paper shall further endeavour to study the case law in relation to these provisions and try to determine the position of the Indian legal system with regard to legalsutra. rg/1047/the-rights-of -the-accused-a-study -on-the-rights-of -the-arrested-person/print/ 3/16 rights of the arrested persons. Finally, this paper shall attempt to resolve whether these rights ensured to the arrested person exist merely in the letter of the law or are put truly in practice by the police. Research Methodology Aim and Objective: The aim of this paper is to examine the rights of the accused within the framework of the Cr. P. C. It i s the objective of this paper to study the rights of the accused on arrest as ensured by the Cr.

How to Use Nightmare Essay Topics

How to Use Nightmare Essay TopicsNightmare essay topics are not necessarily all academic in nature. They can be anything you like, but most people don't take advantage of them for a number of reasons. You will find that this is one of the easiest things to say on an exam, and therefore it is the kind of essay you can use to your advantage.Nightmare essay topics are great when used with other methods of test prep, such as flashcards and some sort of quizzing software. They will help you to memorize and review well-known facts and figures, and will help you be prepared for the exam. All you have to do is place them in the correct locations, and they will help you become a much better student overall.It is important to remember that you will find a lot of topics for nightmare essay topics that you have never heard of before. Some of the most popular ones include science, history, geography, economics, psychology, politics, and even animal behavior. All these topics will help you to shar pen your skills and to become a better writer.Writing a paper about a subject that you really enjoy, and something that you have studied thoroughly can work wonders for you. Many students make the mistake of not writing essays that are based on their own interests, but instead write the type of essay that is widely accepted as perfect. You should know that any topic that is highly popular in your field will likely be used by other students in the class.There are a few things that you should do to ensure that your topics will not be chosen for your essay, and that you will know that you have prepared well for the test. The first thing you should do is read all of the instructions for the test and to ensure that you are familiar with all of the questions that will be asked. Make sure that you read the question and answer carefully, and you will know that you are prepared.Another way to ensure that you will not have nightmare essay topics selected for you, is to choose topics that you know are popular subjects in your course. If you know a lot about a certain subject, or you know something about it that other students don't, then you will be a lot more prepared. Make sure that you go over the general rules of the exam, so that you will know where to place your facts and figures when it comes time to write.If you know the name of a particular term, don't use it in your paper. If you need to write an essay on something that is too difficult for you to understand, don't hesitate to ask someone else for help. There are so many different types of subjects, and it is easy to get lost, and never actually get around to learning what is being discussed in the essay.Nightmare essay topics are an easy way to prepare for a paper that you know will not be required to be graded. If you know that you will be writing an essay on a topic that is common to the class, you can pick topics that you have covered previously. However, if you know that it is going to be an exam-based ess ay, it is best to pick topics that are more obscure.

The Use of Suspense in Julius Caesar Essay Example For Students

The Use of Suspense in Julius Caesar Essay Suspense can be defined as the uncertainties the reader feels about what will happen next in a story, or in this case, a play. William Shakespeare incorporated in Julius Caesar three very suspenseful events on which the whole play depends. The first suspenseful event of this play occurs when the conspirators join and discuss their reasons for assassination. Cassius feels that he is equal to Caesar, if not even better that him. Shakespeare builds suspense by using this statement made by Cassius: I was born free as Caesar/we both have fed as well, and we can both / endure the winters cold as well as he. Then cassius tries to persuade Brutes to join in on the conspiracy by telling him that it would be honorable to assassinate Caesar. Cassius tells Brutes that the fate of Rome is in trouble with Caesar in power, which helps build suspense early in the play. To convince Brutes conclusively, cassius forged letters and threw them into Brutuss window where he was sure to find them. Shakespeare wrote this statement: we will awake him and be sure of him. This is a very powerful statement that builds suspense because the reader most likely feels that Brutes will join in and want to assassinate Caesar, yet the reader is uncertain as to whether or not the plan will work. These events are very suspenseful as they lead up to the assassination of Caesar. We will write a custom essay on The Use of Suspense in Julius Caesar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The next series of suspenseful events that foreshadow Caesars assassination happen on a very unusual night. One night before Caesars death there were many strange occurrences the foreshadows darkness in the future. A lioness gave birth in the streets, the dead rose from their graves, fiery worriers fought in the clouds so fiercely that blood drizzled upon the capitol, horses neighed, dying men groaned, and ghosts shrieked and squealed along the streets; all events of this strange night that Shakespeare makes so suspenseful. Also on this unusual nigh, Calpurnia had a very frightening dream that was very suspenseful. The dream was of Caesars statue emitting blood and many Romans were bathing in it. When the reader reads this he is on the edge of his seat finding that he cannot wait to find out what this dream foreshadows. Calpurnia was so frightened by these strange occurrences that she begged Caesar not to leave the house. Shakespeare created suspense by having Caesar speak these word s: and these does she apply for warnings and portents / and evils imminent, and on her knee / hath begged that I will stay at home today. These events add suspense while foreshadowing the climax of the play, Caesars death, which occurs in act iii. The next suspenseful part of the play occurs after Caesar is assassinated and the reader is left to find out what will happen as the play progresses. After killing Caesar, the conspirators feel that they have created a better place to live. Shakespeare writes, liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead! / Run hence, proclaim, cry it about in the streets. As the conspirators soon found out, the people of Rome are panic-stricken because of the assassination, not grateful. Trebonius speads these words that are very suspenseful because the reader wanders what will result of the reaction of the people: men, wives, and children stare, cry out, and run / as it were doomsday. After the assassination of Caesar, Antony begins to show his feelings and becomes very dangerous, as cassius feared. Antonys soliloquy reveals that he seeks revenge and will wage war on the conspirators. He will cry havoc and have dead and rotting men lying unburied. These events are suspenseful as they foreshadow the extreme po litical conflicts to come. .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b , .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b .postImageUrl , .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b , .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b:hover , .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b:visited , .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b:active { border:0!important; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b:active , .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubcba5b3c856fe06c4bc858f867f4982b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Racial Profiling EssayThe three events were very effective methods of adding suspense to the play. Shakespeare has the reader constantly wandering what will happen further along in the play. The play ends after order is restored. Will it remain that way, or will history repeat itself and more political conflicts erupt.

Famous Classic Love Quotes to Know

Famous Classic Love Quotes to Know What makes a classic love quote classic? Just because its old doesnt necessarily make a quote or a saying romantic (in fact, some older love quotes dont really age all that well). In Western literature, many a scribe has tried to express his or her love, and plenty of these love quotes have stood the test of time.   Its not easy to know what turns of phrase your beloved will find most appealing, but there are many poems, sonnets, and phrases that have become part of the lexicon. Perhaps its because theyve touched on something in our collective consciousness. In any event, theres no shortage of quotes about love and romance to offer inspiration. Classic Love Quotes from Writers Not every writer is known for having a romantic side, but sometimes the most romantic thoughts come from the least likely voice. Here are some well-known, classic love quotes from famous writers.   All mankind love a lover.― Ralph Waldo Emerson In vain have I struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Jane Austen, from Pride and Prejudice. Love consists in this, that two solitudes protect and touch and greet each other.―Rainer Maria Rilke I dont call you handsome, sir, though I love you most dearly: far too dearly to flatter you.―Charlotte Bronte, from Jane Eyre. There is only one happiness in this life: to love and be loved.―George Sand I love those who can smile in trouble, who can gather strength from distress and grow brave by reflection. Tis the business of little minds to shrink, but they whose heart is firm and whose conscience approves their conduct  will pursue their principles unto death.―Leonardo da Vinci Classic Love Quotes from Poets Then, of course, there are the poets, for whom love is a primary preoccupation (at least, for a great many of them). Sometimes love is beautiful and kind, sometimes it is a curse and a scourge, but its always fuel for passionate expression How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach― Elizabeth Barrett Browning And seem to walk on wings, and tread in the air.― Alexander Pope I will write the evangel-poem of comrades and of love.― Walt Whitman Love in a hut, with water and a crust, Is - Love, forgive us! - cinders, ashes, dust. ― John Keats There is pleasure in the pathless woods there is a rapture on the lonely shore, there is a society where none intrudes by the deep sea, and music in its roar; I love not Man the less, but Nature more. ― Lord Byron And all my days are trances, And all my nightly dreams Are where thy dark eye glances, And where thy footstep gleams - In what ethereal dances, By what eternal streams.― Edgar Allan Poe For life, with all, it yields of joy and woe, And hope and fear (believe the aged friend), Is just our chance o the prize of learning love How love might be, hath been indeed and is. ― Robert Browning

Information technology for Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information technology for Management - Essay Example In addition, web based tools allow recruitment managers to engage potential candidates through collaboration and communication tools. In the case of job seekers, the candidate solutions allow candidates to construct an online profile that captures all basic information of a candidate and stores them in its database. All data is indexed so as to facilitate recruiters to obtain the set of requisite candidates based on desired selection criteria. Candidates can further use this profile to apply for multiple jobs without having to construct a new profile, thus reducing the time required to seek a job position. Resumix charges a small administrative fee for allowing both the recruiters as well as the job seekers to post their requirements through requisite subscription offers. The web portal derives additional revenue from the provision of analytics that allows customers to generate reports using quantitative information within their profiles. It further allows companies to synchronize the job postings with their internal job databases irrespective of the technologies involved. By the provision of automation, all such postings at different ends are updated on a regular

Annotated Bibliography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography - Assignment Example This makes the amount of medicine and their effect in patients more difficult to monitor. A study to determine if warfarin is safe was conducted in 25 nursing homes. Patients INR value was ≠¥ 4.5 and suffered no damage, but there was an error in warfarin management. The errors mostly occurred at prescription and observation stages in warfarin management. Observation errors include inadequate laboratory tests to check warfarin level leading to delay response to high INR levels. Prescription error was mostly in dosage in respect to INR levels and drugs interaction. To avoid such instances, there should be frequent communication between nurses and doctors. According to Wu et al. (2011), there should also be upgrading of information technology to incorporate a modern computerized provider order entry program with clinical decision support in nursing homes and hospitals (p.160). This information helps to know the information technology needed to improve monitoring of warfarin therapy in patients leading to better warfarin management. Guidelines and Protocols Advisory Committee - Warfarin Therapy Management. (n.d.). Guidelines and Protocols Advisory Committee - Warfarin Therapy Management. Retrieved August 11, 2014, from http://www.bcguidelines.ca/guideline_warfarin_management.html. This report was written by physicians and is intended for other physicians. The guidelines given in this report focuses on management warfarin therapy in patients within an office setup. In this report guideline is given on how to begin administering warfarin, on international normalized ratio (INR) and dosage. It is written that before starting warfarin treatment one should consider various reasons why it should not be used. Warfarin should not be used; if the patient has severe or active bleeding diathesis, if the patient has some doses not taken or taken incorrectly, if the patient